The Perspectives of Academicians on Academic Jealousy

The aim of this research is to determine the reasons for academic jealousy experienced in universities and to reveal possible solutions to reduce academic jealousy. This research has been carried out in the framework of the qualitative research approach. The study group of this research consists of 8 academicians working at xxx University for the 2020-2021 education year. A semi-structured interview form has been used as a data collection tool in the research. Academicians’ perceptions of academic jealousy are defined under two headings as individual jealousy and institutional jealousy. The participants’ thoughts on the causes of academic jealousy are incompetence, inner failure, competition, and personal reasons. To reduce academic jealousy, the participants have offered the following solutions: policy-science culture, encouragement-cooperation, primary school education, competence, and sanction. The researchers have concluded that unless academic jealousy ends up or reduce, universities will lose high-quality academicians as time goes by.


Introduction
There are emotions and actions that have been going on since the first day of humanity. One of them is undoubtedly jealousy. Although jealousy is perceived as distrust and a psychological disorder, evolutionary psychologists have suggested that jealousy has a structure obtained over time and preserves love (Demirtas, 2002). According to the Turkish Language Association (TDK, 2011), jealousy is defined as a "negative attitude when someone shows superiority or thought that a loved one is interested in someone else, envy, annoyance." The terms "jealousy" and "envy" in Turkish are generally thought to have the same meaning. However, these two concepts are used for different purposes. According to the Turkish Language Association (2011), envy is more often used and expressed as not standing. Envy is mostly defined as the desire for something in the hands of another individual but not in the person's hands and the deprivation of the person who has that thing. Jealousy is expressed as the fear of losing something that exists (Özdemir, 2018).
Jealousy at work is defined as the integrity of emotions and behavior caused by the fact that a person sees themself in inadequate and inferior positions due to a comparison related to their work. This employee's ongoing jealousy may also arise from the anxiety of losing some positive (position, authority) situations in the workplace. Anxiety and feelings of loss also bring about a competitive situation in the workplace. A person sees the person they are jealous of as a direct or imaginary threat to his opponent who works with another expression (Vecchio, 2000).
Academic jealousy is an important issue frequently encountered in universities that benefit society and undertake science duties such as information loaders. The abundance of elements (rival, ambition, promotion, authority, career, etc.) that can constitute the foundation of jealousy explains the importance of jealousy in academic organizations. This emotion, which causes destructive consequences, is seen in the individual's own life and business. However, although there has been a striking increase in the number of studies on the psychological dimensions of organizations in recent years, it is observed that there are not enough studies on jealousy (Özdemir & Erdem, 2020).
The concept of jealousy is one of the study topics of psychology, sociology, and theology. Jealousy, which brings a mixed state of emotions and thoughts, is located on both individual and social negativity. The concept of jealousy is one of the emotions that have the potential to consume the individual. This situation also brings negativity with it in daily life (Özdemir, 2018). Taştan and Küçük (2019) express that one of the factors affecting productivity is jealousy in their scientific writings explaining work behaviors contrary to productivity, state social comparison, especially between individuals, reveals the feeling of envy and stimulates the feeling of inadequacy in the individual.
The feeling of jealousy that persists in institutions from the past to the present, especially the competition combined with the component, emerges. This feeling brought about by social comparisons reveals that increases the individual's anxiety to continue their success, fear of emerging behaviors that the institution regards positively and desire the upper position and the status concern (Üçok, 2019).
The concept of romantic jealousy, one of the varieties of jealousy, is included in life with examples. For example, according to a report reflected in the media, at a school in Antalya, the feeling of jealousy between two teachers saying 'You looked at my husband' resulted in advanced classroom distress, such as shouting and yelling, ultimately resulting in a fight. As a result of the physical intervention of the two parties to each other, the incident was closed with solving the problem by was caused by the Provincial Director of National Education (www.memurlar.net).
Another type of jealousy is sibling jealousy. For example, he was reflected in the national media, according to a report, an older sibling, one of the two children of the family living in Antalya, citing that they are more interested in his younger brother and confessed that he willingly killed his 8-yearold brother. They know well said that his father did not care for his older brother and did not love him. The boy who killed his brother has admitted without offering another sentence, adding that his father loved his younger brother very much (www.sabah. com.tr).
As a result, jealousy, which is not only experienced in everyday life romantically or between siblings, is also a reality that is frequently encountered in workplaces. In this context, although jealousy experience has been gained in almost every environment, it is important to do the relevant work on this subject to address a subject that is not mentioned much in the field of educational science and especially higher education.

Literature Review
When the related literature is examined, the types of jealousy are listed as romantic jealousy, sibling jealousy, and workplace jealousy. In addition to the types of jealousy, academic jealousy is also discussed in the literature review (Özdemir, 2018;Özdemir & Erdem, 2020).

Romantic Jealousy
Romantic jealousy emerges by creating a threat approach to a relationship and generates hatred and the desire to harm. Romantic jealousy is an irregular reaction that occurs in romantic and handheld relationships against negative attitudes made or predicted for this relationship (Pines, 2003).
When jealousy is examined internally, the person's thoughts sustain and grow in their inner world, revealing themselves either in small sentences or physically. Internal thoughts may include feelings that they grow in his/her inner world, such as selfblame, comparison with others, self-pity. Physical negativities arise due to the growth and inability of these emotions to be expressed within the individual. These negativities; rashes, excessive sweating, itching, tremor attacks, rapid heartbeat, and blackout of the eyes (Silva, 1997).

Sibling Jealousy
From the moment children are born, they feel the love they receive from their parents, with a sense of belonging. When a new member joins the family, the first feeling felt is a wave of intense anger. In addition to anger, there are feelings of pity and sadness. Until the sibling is born, the young child shows indifference towards the mother and alienation. These feelings give rise to the idea that with a newborn brother's arrival, the mother will be deprived of her love. The younger sibling does not share family members until he reaches his age, and jealousy grows (Thompson, 2004). The older sibling, who feels special, begins to lose the feeling of being special. The child here wants to reflect their negative feelings towards their family to their sibling. However, they are not aware that these feelings are against their family. As a result of sibling jealousy, negative consequences such as aggressive attitudes towards siblings, beating or harassing siblings, harming other objects, drinking drinks from the baby's bottle, and wetting the bed occur (Karataş, 2009). If the family wants to see a doctor with their children due to jealousy, jealousy is not discussed. Due to the haphazard development of these negative behavior times, what the older sibling will do is not predicted. In some cases, the family's failure to help the elder sibling on these issues causes permanent psychological damage in childhood and adversely affects their development. It is suggested that the best way is to explain the family life about the family's obsession with the elder sibling and to create a healthy environment by instilling the awareness of brotherhood (Dağcıoğlu, 2018).

Workplace Jealousy (Organizational Jealousy)
Emotions that directly affect feelings in life, make a person human, and exist with a person in all aspects of life are also encountered naturally at work. In recent years, the sense of jealousy involved in research has opened new areas, bringing the curiosity about how jealousy at work affects the organizational structure and what it leads (Özkalp, 2013).
While positive emotions increase performance and efficiency, negative emotions come with their failure to bear the burden of responsibility, which negatively affect the organization, and it causes them to disappear into negative emotions. It is thought that there are negative emotions that the individual is in or that take over the individual, as the building block of thoughts, organizational conflicts, occupational burnout, psychological depression, etc. It is crucial for the efficiency of the institution that individuals focus on their work. Although negative emotions affect all these factors, they are more common in business life than competition. For this reason, it is more common in recent studies on negative emotions in the workplace (Töremen & Çankaya, 2008).
Competition, which causes the concept of jealousy, also leads to a state of comparison. A person tries to identify themself by comparing himself with another person. A jealous person either tends to eliminate the comparison by starting to work more or resort to ways such as blocking an individual's work, digging a well, or slander (Özdemir, 2018).
In institutions, feelings that are felt internally or stored in dual relations have been kept secret. As a result of these dual emotions or internal reckoning, stress occurs in individuals. Individuals who strive to adapt, develop, and increase negative emotions between individuals get into a sense of competition (Üçok, 2019).
One of the factors that should be considered in workplace jealousy is the stress factor. Expenditure concerns arise in institutions where institutional resources are insufficient, and the rules of the promotion system as a title are not obvious. As an effect of this situation, employee status concerns begin. By improving the self of an employee who is below the title, its progress evokes the idea that the status and authority of individuals with high titles within the institution will be endangered. As a result, this competition is perceived as a 'threat' in individuals' jealousy leads to inhibition of collaborative work (Dogan &Vecchio, 2001).

Academic Jealousy
The concept of academic jealousy, which emerged as one of the concepts that lead to emotional problems, emerges from both the increase of individuals in institutions depending on the increasing population and the integration of jealousy by reflecting the competition in these institutions' business environments. However, it indirectly reveals the diversity of variables or variables contained in many definitions and concepts. Looking directly at the concept of academic jealousy, that is realized that a real measurement tool is not possible. As a result of a lack of clear measurement, this understanding is seen as a lack of necessary attention and research (Cabra, Talbot & Joniak, 2007).
One of the benefits of measuring the concept of jealousy alone is to determine some points that need to be related to the subject in research or measurement extensions for this concept, and it is desired to contribute to the formation of competent research addressing these points. It is thought that the determination of this level of jealousy in the individual can serve to research to enlighten many issues such as the individual's education, institution, organizational structure, relationship with peers and colleagues, etc. Considering all these concepts and their relationships, it is thought that the academic jealousy measurement tool, which their levels can make, is applicable from students at the lowest level to institution administrators (Koçak, 2019).

Purpose of the Research
The purpose of this research is to examine why the concept of academic jealousy exists in universities, which are centers of scientific studies, and what can be done to prevent academic jealousy. In this direction, the answers to the following research questions were sought to reach the relevant purpose: 1. What is the definition of academic jealousy? 2. What are the causes of academic jealousy? 3. What should be done to reduce academic jealousy?

Method
Under this heading, the research method, the design of the research, the study group, the researchers' roles, and the collection and analysis of the data were included, respectively.

Research Method
This research has been carried out around the qualitative research method. The qualitative research method is the method that emphasizes the examination of perceptions and actions in their natural environment and understanding in a realistic perspective. It provides advantages such as presenting ideas as they are and allowing the researcher flexibility (Yıldırım & Şimşek, 2018). Although it is an action that places the observer at the center, it consists of various materials and interpretative practices by making life problems visible (Mertens, 2010).

Research Pattern
This research has been organized by using phenomenology design, one of the qualitative research designs. Phenomenology design is a process that progresses to make meaningful events that we encounter in daily life but cannot fully grasp (Creswell, 2018). Also, the phenomenology pattern provides a basis for studying problems encountered in daily life but cannot be fully understood (Yıldırım & Şimşek, 2018).

Study Group
The study group was determined using the simulated sampling technique within the purposeful sampling method's framework. With this technique, it is to define a subgroup to create a small, similar sample (Yıldırım & Şimşek, 2013). In studies conducted within the phenomenology pattern, data sources are selected from individuals and groups who have experienced the study subject (Büyüköztürk, Akgün, Karadeniz, Demirel, & Çakmak, 2018;Creswell, 2018). Considering these situations, the study group consists of 8 people belonging to the same profession, determined by the "Analogous Sampling" technique within the framework of a purposeful sampling method. The demographic information of the participants is shown in Table 1.

Researchers' Roles
The first researcher has worked for four years in institutions affiliated with the Ministry of National Education. Later, he transferred to the university and worked as an academician for more than seven years. The researcher witnessed some incidents of academic jealousy in both institutions. For this reason, he felt the need to work on academic jealousy.
The second researcher started his graduate education after graduating from xxx University Classroom Teaching Department and concluded that academic jealousy was observed in his environment and school environment both in his undergraduate and graduate education. In this context, he has examined some studies in the literature about academic jealousy and causes academic jealousy. As a result, the researcher decided to do this study to reveal the reasons for academic jealousy and solutions to academic jealousy.

Collection and Analysis of Data
The research data has been collected by semistructured interview method with academicians who have different sections in October-November 2020. The researchers have been decided to use this method together first-hand the perspectives and experiences of the academics involved in the study. In semistructured interviews, some questions are shaped according to the interview, while some questions are prepared in advance (Patton, 2010).
A semi-structured interview has been carried out within the framework of the interview form prepared in advance. To ensure the validity of the interview questions, the opinions of two expert academics working at the university have been applied. Also, preliminary interviews have been conducted with two academics to determine the interview questions' intelligibility before the relevant interviews have been conducted. At the end of the process, the final version of the interview questions has been obtained. Before the interview, it has been contacted with the academics, the academics have been visited, and information about the subject has been made. Each participant has been given an interview form, given a few days to think about the questions. At the end of this period, they were again about the future given information of the researchers. Meeting with academics at the agreed time, day and place have been arranged, and the names of the participants confidential are coded in the form of the participants P1, P2, P3, etc...
Before the interview has been started, some demographic information has been obtained from the participants. Besides, questions related to the research for academics and additional questions included getting more detailed information by making the participant talk more, provided that they do not go beyond the purpose of the study that will help elaborate these questions. Yıldırım and Şimşek (2018) stated that the probes obtained during the interview made the data more detailed and enriching.
The interviews have been conducted face to face, and the researchers interviewed by paying attention to the points suggested by Kvale (1996) to increase the quality of the interview. These issues can be listed as taking care that the answers do not deviate from the purpose of the research during the interview, taking voice recording and notes during the interview, paying attention to the longer and more detailed answers compared to the questions, obtaining rich and deep answers, and not making any intervention in the answers given by the individuals involved in the study.
To avoid any data loss in the interviews, the interviews were recorded with the participants' consent. Each interview lasted between 20-45 minutes. These recorded data are numbered and converted into text.
A descriptive analysis technique has been used to analyze the data. The reason why this technique is used in the research is that the descriptive analysis technique allows it to be summarized and interpreted according to previously determined themes in the analysis of the obtained data (Yıldırım & Şimşek, 2018). In this context, the data obtained have been analyzed in four steps. These are; 1. First, a framework for data analysis has been created by considering the interview questions. It has been determined which themes the data obtained according to this framework will be planned and put forward. 2. The data have been arranged according to the framework created, and some of the data obtained has been excluded from the study because they were acted accordingly. 3. The edited data has been supported by direct descriptions. Attention has been paid to the comprehensibility of the data.
4. Finally, by explaining the identified findings, the cause and effect relationships between them have been explained.

Findings
The obtained findings have been analyzed sequentially according to the research questions under the purpose of the research.

Perception of Jealousy Academic
The study's first research question is "What is the definition of the concept of academic jealousy?" and participants' answers to this question have been analyzed. Accordingly, the participant academicians have perceived it as individual jealousy and institutional jealousy. These are shown in Table 2. Considering Table 2, academicians' definition of the concept of academic jealousy, it is observed that 53% defined it as individual jealousy and 47% as institutional jealousy.

Individual Jealousy
Regarding the meaning of the word academic jealousy, the question has been asked: "What is the definition of the concept of academic jealousy?" to the participants. Accordingly, the participants used the concept of academic jealousy as inability, mental illness, weakness, envy, and ambition.
One of the academicians explains academic jealousy with the definition of a human character inadequacy, weakness, and deficiency perception by the following statement: " One of the participants uses the following description as jealousy "… Inability to tolerate material and spiritual elements that someone else has…" (P2). Similarly, another one took attention to not being able to tolerate the following sentences: "… When a person sees in someone else what he wants to achieve in himself but cannot get it, he cannot attract it. He wants to get it but cannot get it.
Maybe not trying, not working. But he says, without doing anything, "Why does this not exist for me?" But he doesn't know how he got it ... " (P4).

Institutional Jealousy
Regarding the meaning of the word academic jealousy, the question has been asked: "What is the definition of the concept of academic jealousy?" to the participants. Accordingly, the participants have defined academic jealousy as gossip, competition, frustration, and negative attitude. For instance, an academic emphasizes dent in academic jealousy by the following statement: "

Causes of Academic Jealousy
As the second research question of the study, the participants have been asked, "What are the causes of academic jealousy?". Accordingly, the academicians participating in the study have stated that they perceive the reasons for academic jealousy as 1. Incompetence, 2. Inner failure, 3. Competition, and 4. Personal reasons. Considering Table 3, 33% of the academicians listed the reason for academic jealousy as inadequacy, 33% as an inner failure, 17% as competition, and 17% as personal reasons.

Incompetence
Almost all participants emphasize that an individual's inadequacy has an important place in academic jealousy. For example, one of the academicians expresses this situation with the

Personal Reasons
Some academicians participating in the study emphasized that personal reasons are at the forefront in the concept of academic jealousy and that this causes the concept of academic jealousy. For example, one of the academicians expresses the situation with the following words: " So, once he is at war with himself. Therefore, mentally healthy individuals should be brought to the academy once…" (P1).

Suggestions for Solving Academic Jealousy
As the third research question of the study, the participants have been asked, "What should be done to reduce academic jealousy?". The findings of the participants are given below. Accordingly, the solution suggestions of academicians to reduce academic jealousy are listed as 1. Policy-Science Culture, 2. Encouragement-Cooperation, 3. Childhood and Primary School Education, 4. Competence, and 5. Sanction. "...Once it should be turned into a state policy. People enter the universities, even if they do nothing, their files are renewed every 2-3 years. This happens annually for the lecturer, and every 2 years for the doctor lecturer, previously every 3 years. It is enough for the person to make a small publication. Now, there is nothing forcing people to work.…" (P1) 2 Encouragement-Cooperation 5 25 "…The inner state of the person can change the current title or incentive status. We can make improvements on these systems." (P6) 3 Childhood and Primary School Education 4 20 "…We must teach not to be egoistic and not to act by seeing people as competitors …" (P4) 4 Competence 3 15 "…You will not assign academic staff according to the, the union they belong to, the community they belong to, their ethnic identity, and their religious sect...." (P8) 5 Sanction 2 10 "…Secondly, there must be a sanction against those who are jealous in the academic community and exhibit harmful attitudes towards the other side. These can happen because it is not an institutional structure. A teacher in the department can harm a student. However, if that department had certain rules and a control mechanism, if there were a process that could prevent the professor's negative attitudes towards him in this way, I think that they would be overcome…" (P2) Total 20 100 Considering Table 4, the participants have recommended the following suggestions for reducing academic jealousy as 30% for creating a policy-science culture, 25% for encouragementcooperation, 20% for childhood and primary school education, 15% for competence, and 10% for sanction.

Politics -Science Culture
Most of the academicians participating in the study argued that a systematic policy and science culture should be established to reduce academic jealousy. For example, a participant expresses their policy-science culture solution proposal with the following words: "…What can we do? We can circulate. Let's say we have to change places of the professors in the academy every ten years or in 5 years. They should be relocated, not gravel staff. If he wants, he can go earlier, but he should move to another university within ten years at most. Here, for example, you should make a choice. For example, it made ten choices, just like in National Education. The places they prefer are also included. In this way, we must change places of the teachers in the academy. We must provide circulation. Otherwise, the man says, "I've been here for 30 years." What did you do to the country? They don't do anything; I think it's a shame… " This expresses the applicability of a different system with his words (P1). Another academic looking at the subject from a different perspective emphasizes that the doctorate culture should be made better quality by the below statement: "... I believe that the entry, education process and graduation stages of the doctorate, master's degree and especially the doctorate are very serious, heavy and high-quality difficult process, except that it someone else is a is simply a matter of teaching staff and professorship. If that happens, no one will be sure to question why professor or an associate professor. The issue is about the doctorate… " (P3).

Encouragement-Cooperation
Most of the participants stated the need for academic encouragement and cooperation to reduce academic jealousy. For example, one of the participants emphasizes that there should be a joint study plan in universities by stating: "

Childhood and Primary Education
Some of the academicians paid attention to the importance of primary school and childhood education on jealousy. For instance, one of the academicians emphasizes the necessity of primary school education by the following statement: "… This is a situation that comes from childhood.

Discussion, Conclusion, and Recommendations
This research has been conducted with academicians working at universities affiliated with the Council of Higher Education (CHE). In the literature, there are not enough studies with academicians working at universities affiliated to CHE and including a qualitative research approach. This shows the originality of the work.
Besides, the findings of the related research are similar to some previous studies' results on academic jealousy. 1. The researchers have found that the participants have defined the concept of academic jealousy as individual jealousy and institutional jealousy. Accordingly, they express individual jealousy as inability, mental illness, weakness, envy, and ambition. Moreover, they describe institutional jealousy as gossip, competition, frustration, and a negative attitude. When looking at the Current Dictionary of the Turkish Language Association, it is defined as "envy, not being able to endure someone else's partnership or looking superior" (https://sozluk.gov.tr). The explanation of the definition of jealousy, it is similar to the work of Koçak (2019) with Özdemir (2018) in terms of the results of individual jealousy and institutional jealousy. 2. The researchers have found that the participants have expressed their thoughts on the causes of academic jealousy as "incompetence," "inner failure," "competition," and "personal reasons." Similar to the study's findings, Özdemir (2018); stated that the results of rumors, harming the person, glorification of the institution and the title, and the lack of group dynamics caused academic jealousy. Similarly, Üçok (2019) mentioned the negative effect of competition on academic jealousy. Taştan and Küçük (2019) highlight a poor sense of self and personal reasons and highlight its burden on academic jealousy. 3. The researchers have also found that the participants have offered some recommendations to reduce academic jealousy in higher education. These are creating policy-science culture, encouragement-cooperation, focusing on childhood and primary school education, competence, and application of sanction. When looking at the solution suggestions for reducing academic jealousy, Özdemir and Erdem (2020) show that childhood and primary school education is an important reason for the lack of self-confidence and self-esteem in the individual. It is similar to his work in that certain beliefs, values, and behaviors cannot be transferred to live due to education. There is a similarity between the results, with Üçok (2019) showing the importance of academic jealousy, the lack of cooperation, and the insufficient merit. Arlı, Aydemir, and Çelik (2019) stated that the employees' jealousy had been formed due to the executives and the sanctions not functioning correctly. Based on the research questions, considering the research findings to reduce academic jealousy, the following suggestions are offered by the researchers: • It is necessary to give importance to teaching beliefs and values in primary and childhood education and to prevent negative feelings in these ages. • The importance of the perspective on titles should be conveyed to the new generation of academics without being sanctified. • Sufficient sanctions should be applied to prevent the competitive environment from rising above a certain level and causing consequences such as gossip and slander. • It is necessary to understand the importance of the merit system and articles that will push academics to work in the contract renewal process to continue their academic life. • The importance of socializing in the academic environment and creating a common communication environment by coming together of in-house employees. • Extra studies should be done for academicians to comprehend science culture in the working environment. • It is suggested that the university's quality should increase with different universities' working environment policies, and there should be circulation in the university staff within certain periods.
The researchers have concluded that if jealousy in academia is not reduced or eliminated, many qualified academics in higher education will have to leave universities in a short time of period. As a result, there will be a loss of qualified workforce in higher education, which means a serious loss of capital for our country. Therefore, academic jealousy should be emphasized more, and necessary precautions should be taken as soon as possible.