Educational Policy and Employment Opportunity of People with Disabilities in India - A Study

The transformation from agriculture to industrial business has led to radical socio-economic shifts, while the related employment issues have taken place. Certain problems have been illustrated by a critical view of attain the education,employability, patterns and political outlook for people with disabilities. While paradigms in their employment facilities have changed dramatically, a number of shortages and obstacles make a more concentrated and systematic effort to achieve maximum benefits essential for them. Hence the government taking more steps for these people those who struggling for primary education and their employment opportunity. The educational policies is the supportive stone of their employment opportunity of differently abled people and this lack of education is the informal influence of them become a self-employer in the environment for their survival. This study indicates the educational policy of differently abled people and various ministries allocated for the educated and uneducated person with disability employment opportunities in India.


Introduction
The country's fast-changing socio-economic environment and its effect on urban development, industrialization and economic modernization has resulted in growing trends in rural-urban divergence in the search for livelihoods leading to strain upon the restricted educational settings, responsible for serious problems of overpopulation, rising poor citizens, unemployment, inequality, poverty, and so on. The underprivileged are all subject to the growing incidence of social deviation and maladjustment. In view of this, a variety of steps have been taken by the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) to protect the rights of the differently abled people.
There are 2.68 crore (2.21 percent) according to the 2011 Population Census in India, with disability. The actual number of disabled persons is however far greater than the estimates seen in the census report, the estimates range from 5 percent to 15 percent of the population. Only About 26 percent of the total population comprises as working population as disabled. Among the working people with impairment, 78 percent are males. Women with disabilities are more unemployed. The employment issue of differently abled people cannot get the primary education properly, it will affect their employment opportunity. Hence this issues happened around the world.

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International Journal of Management s h a n l a x # S I N C E 1 9 9 0 Even the government of India allotted the special education center for providing free education, but it is not enough. Most of the uneducated differently abled people started their own business-earning money with a daily basis for the reason is uneducated come un employment in either private and public sector. So they became a self-employer. The government facilitate them by various schemes like SHG, entrepreneurship programme, employment generation schemes and so on.

Methodology
This Paper is purely based on descriptive in nature. The data were collected from selective e-journals, magazines, newspaper, official website and so on. Hence it is secondary data source.

Education Level of the People with Disability in India
India is the largest democracy in the world. India has a number of challenges for ensuring access to education for over 200 million (20 cr) children between the ages 6 to 13 years. According to the 2011 National Census, 1.05 percent of school-going children have one.
A disability problem (2.13 million = 21 Lakhs 30 Thousand), of which 28 percent (5 Lakhs 88 Thousand) do not have access to school. In particular, 44 percent of children with disabilities do not have access to school with complex and multiple forms of activity limitations and difficulties in functioning.  want to go to school on a regular basis. Even special school subjects are not trained to provide essential education and communication training for children with disabilities. This is one of the reason for these differently abled people are lacking education in India.

Employment in the Government and Public Sector for Graduate PWD
The government of India are subdivided by number of ministries which will facilitate the people in various manner and for employ in the public sector to graduates disabled people, the public sector undertakings (PSUs) have been taking this responsibility. In fact, Mumbai was founded in 1959 as the first special exchange for employment opportunities. More than three decades ago, in 1977, India's government initiated a policy of 3 percent employment reservation for people with disabilities. The reservation, however, was for lower jobs only (C and D categories). The reservation was also extended to higher-ranking jobs (Categories A and B) in 1995, when the Disability Act was enacted.
Despite the 3 percent reservation in jobs, the battle with the authorities to seek the inclusion of people with disabilities in the workforce is ongoing. In 2003, when two persons with disabilities eligible on merit for the Indian Administrative Service (IAS) were relegated to the Indian Information Service (IIS), the National Center for Promotion of Employment for Disabled People (NCPEDP) and the Disabled Rights Group (DRG) launched an antidiscrimination drive, which led then Prime Minister to intervene and resolve the problem. As a result, more services, including high-level services such as IAS, IPS and IFS, have been opened up for people with disabilities.
By November 2010, the Government of India had filled just 1017 vacancies out of 7628 vacancies. At Question Time during the Parliament's Budget Session in May 2016, the Government acknowledged that it had not been able to make three percent of the quota as per the policy, which, after a special recruitment drive from May 2015 to April 2016, was just marginally higher than one per cent, with the Department of Personnel and Training advise with these help of 14,267 vacancies found.
For disabled people, several jobs remain 'unidentified.' Therefore, this oppressive approach is denying employment to many eligible individuals with disabilities in government. Troubling is the fact that white-collar occupations are based on physical demands, such as bending, lifting, walking, pushing and pulling, etc. and not on work abilities and functions. Employment with One Arm (OA), Both Arms (BA), One Rule (OL), Both Legs (BL), Hard of Hearing (HH), Blind (B), Low-Vision (LV) etc. are defined based on physical needs.
Many organizations doubt whether there is enough demand for an accessible community for disabled people. Access to the employment is essential for an inclusive workforce to be developed. It is therefore necessary for the Government to work towards the establishment for people with disabilities of a barrier-free working environment. In March 2016, the Government launched, under the Accessible India Initiative, a set of guidelines for companies to determine how accommodating they are for disabled workers in a 'holistic' way of creating space for people with disabilities and encouraging sector to be more inclusive. This include items such as a barrierfree infrastructure, regulations on human capital such as a minimum recruitment percentage should be provided for disabled people. But a lack of binding guidelines could make any talk and action of this promising move.

Government Amendments for Employment of PWD
For more than one reason, the Disability Act of 1995 was revolutionary. The Act acknowledged explicitly, and made many guidelines for the need for the economic empowerment of people with disabilities. Some of the most important aspects are:

Reservation in Higher Educational Institutions
Section 32: Identification of positions that may be reserved for persons with disabilities-Appropriate governments shall identify positions in establishments that may be reserved for persons with disabilities; at periodic intervals not exceeding three years, review the list of positions identified and update the list taking into account technological developments.

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Identification of Posts for Reservation
Section 33: Post Reservation -Every appropriate government shall designate at any institution a percentage of vacancies not less than three per cent for persons or groups of persons with disabilities, of which one per cent is reserved for persons with a) blindness or low vision; b) hearing impairment; c) locomotive disability or cerebral palsy, in a post specified for each disability.

Poverty Alleviation Schemes -Accessibility
Section 40: Vacancies to be reserved for poverty alleviation schemes -'In all poverty alleviation schemes, the relevant governments and local authorities shall allocate not less than 3 percent for the benefit of persons with disabilities.

Incentives to Employers in Private and Public Sector
Section 41: Incentives for employers to ensure that 5 per cent of the workforce is made up of persons with disabilities -The relevant governments and local authorities shall, within the limits of their economic ability and growth, provide incentives for employers in both the public and private sectors to ensure that at least 5 per cent of their workforce is made up of persons with disabilities.

Promotion
Section 47: (1) No institution shall waive or reduce the rank of an employee who has acquired a disability during his or her service; (2) No promotion shall be denied to an individual solely on the basis of his or her disability.
The Act also provided for non-discrimination, relaxation, affirmative action, accessibility, etc. in different clauses. There has been a long-standing call from the disability sector to expand work reservations for people with intellectual conditions, psychosocial disabilities and multiple disabilities,which the New Bill on Disability has included.

Employment Opportunity for PWD
The pool of educated and uneducated people with disabilities is wide and increasing with a rise in population and medical advancements, too. With Indian government programs such as Sarva Shiksha

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National Skill Development Corporation:
Under poverty and housing problems in the country The urban counterpart of the SJSRY (Swarnajayanti Shahari Rojgar Yojana) SJSRY has the Urban Self-Employment Program (USEP) and the Urban Wage Employment Programme (UWEP). The ministry of HRD, Social Justice empowerment and so on department will help them to give good morale support for their survival.

Conclusion
The government takes the biggest challenge remains to bring about an attitude change in public perception towards Divyangjan. Therefore, awareness generation is essential to change the way of thinking not just of the public, but of disabled people, so that they can increase confidence in themselves. It is necessary to combine the culture of standards and requirements in designing by the state governments and the local authorities. Planning and implementation of the environment for disabled people to be barrier-free.
The International Labor Organization (ILO) 2011 study 'Persons with Disabilities and the Indian Labor Market: Issues and Opportunities' reports that 73.6 per cent of people with disabilities in India are currently outside the labor force. Those with mental disorders, disabled women and those in rural areas are the most marginalized. Looking at the micro stage, it may seem like some progress has been made. There is increased recognition among businesses and people with disabilities. Pressure has been placed on the Government to enact the Disability Act, 1995. In contrast, 72 percent of people with intellectual disability remain unemployed. Only 36.3 percent of the disabled population (which turns out to be about 98 lakhs) are employed. Of these, about 71 lakh are men and 27 lakh are women. In india 41 percent of person with disabilities were never married. It seems that how they are struggling to lead their life in the environment. Ignoring the potential of disabled people can cost any nation very high. In case of India, leaving persons with disabilities out of economy translates into a loss of about 5-7 percent of GDP. And there are a limited schools are providing basic education for these disabled people. This is the reason for disabled people are lacking the education. So the government should focus for Shanlax International Journal of Management s h a n l a x # S I N C E 1 9 9 0 providing educational services to the children with disabilities and make them to educate. So they can get employment opportunity in either public and private sector. Government of India has separated their work from various department even they cannot focus fully to the disability. Still they are deprived from education, unemployment, leading normal life, pension facilities, basic need and so on. It is really a pathetical situation facing in all around the world. Most of the NGOs, Public sector, private sector also ready to serve this nation. First thing is need to provide education. The government mandatory improves the educational facilities and give free courses for special education teachers to provide free school in all the villages and town in India. Then only the disability will get employed in any sector.